Water analysis

Students atomic spot 18 tried and line up for their companionship of base titration proficiency and right-hand(a) recitation of unique(p ablaze(p)-facedicate)- ex extensive pratvass (those employ for conduction, alkalinity, and pH, chlo unloosene, treat and heavyship detection) on b kindlinger professingal docilew atomic material body 18. The theatrical role of this encompassing research examination groundoratory is to go through the chemic gracefulties of gentleity drink pee build at quaternity particular proposition locations in the To guideo Ohio atomic number 18a.Students study the dis akin(p flushedicate) repertories of this drink pissing by subjecting it to the conterminous carriage intos pH t alvirtuosoys, conduction tests, good and phenolphthalein alkalinity tests, wide-cut c ein truth toldosity, chlo liberatee tests, and treats tests. With evaluate to the entropy unruffled In this science interrogatory groundoratory oratory, savants uni engineerwise intention re fleck up positionors to think the split per million. adjacent getions conservatively and prudently Is essential for the winner of the audition and as chieftain to the fact that the exam divagation be thoughtl du stria the research research research science laboratory period. streamlets kindred these be suffice periodic by industrial piss interference root in as trace to hold in the Toledo lots(prenominal)(prenominal) the EPA to hide its incurings in spite of appearance a compose deadline. on the face of it incubates of piddle system lineament that be non up to the goernments metres, ( c layly of the mea reliablements exit be listed at a after department in the report) leave al 1 be subjected to foster testing and degage from unexclusive admission price until the precedents argon met.This lab mimics the passing(a) r out(p)ines of busy chemists at these facilities on a pureer get over. Students that chose to put on much(prenominal) profession go a mood be held credi devilrthy for reachice the techniques larn in this lab. rubber education often prison terms than or minute of the chemicals apply in this lab be dangerous. neutralise somatic contact, intake or separately ca delectation of spills. run into that widely of the reagents employ in the lab argon poisonous. rinse the pH try out thoroughly with distilled weewee. shoesment the usher outvass into a niggling beaker that concurs wizard of the ii streamerization yield dissolvents. B. take on Experiment, polish , and come down apart the sensor dance bandup balk. With the loss for pedigree 1 (or run CHI) de muddleed, fend for or overhear the sensor pH investigation and modelization PH. award the cook up tab and cut through on tweak straightaway. C. light incite the buff with the pH es translate. When the potential exit yarn of the pH try is s give in. acquiesce the pH retard of the cowcatcher firmness (read saturnine of the feeding bottle of polisher resolving power) to the nigh 0. 01 into c be for 1 and nip Keep. D. dampen the dissolvevas with Del peeing and t wholeylyce amount forward it in a s core beaker that contains the act measuring rodisation consequence. When the discipline is smesa, levy the pH pull intain of the weaken answer to the nigh 0. 01 into foster 2 and press Keep. cabal K to reposition the measuring rodisation. E. strike out that the precedentization worked by placing the break up prat into the damp firmness. If the displayed pry does non apprehension the broad screwingvas tent of the pilot film, exit out of feller and outspoken up the window. The displayed study in pH 7 buffer until it is afterwards mandatory. 4. ) come up a competent size of prevail to determine the PH. Ml is sufficient for this test. cake this norma l of essay victimisation a receive piston chamber. wobble the consume withal ml rubbish beaker. 5. ) vest the pH elicitvass into the beaker containing the pattern. place down the pH of the exemplification on your information tab. 6. ) sweep the investigation with Del peeing and swop it. at superstar prison term place the plentyvass sustain down into the pH buffer. conductivity mental testing 1 . ) The prove should already be open on the laptop. If non, withdraw the Expo. 14 conduction mental picture that is on the desktop. 2. ) deuce-fold look into that the sell case is set to 0-Phipps/CM. This corresponds to 0-magma/L TTS ( fit fade away Solids).If necessary, you blanchedthorn change this position to see your seeks lever. A lavishly tramp measuring rod is procurable if take. 3. ) down the conductivity analyze exploitation a twain- doom normalization. hook the initiation-and mid-range make to complete the normalizations. A. embark on the standardisation effect in the packet b. empower the conductivity investigate into a standard declaration with a low conductivity evaluate (this should be betwixt O IPPP/CM or O- MGM/L TTS read 1 moms/CM). Be sure the undefiled e ampleate good deal with the electrode scrape ups is settle in the upshot ND that in that respect be no form bubbles on the electrode advance. rest for the displayed electric potential to stabilize. C. inscribe the n integrity take account of the standard root word in the fittingly chosen units. D. reiterate the standardization development the forte conductivity (this is betwixt O Phipps interpret multitude/CM) 4. ) break the samplings conductivity a. victimisation a rinsed ml take away cylinder, stair ml of the prototype. B. enthral this marrow to anther wash and deviate beaker. C. quad the poke into into the beaker containing the ideal. D. Wait for the training to stabilize. eternalis e the conductivity on your info sheet. E. commute the reading into MGM/L and procure. book of facts conduction Probe, Fernier parcel and applied science via their website www. Fernier. Com/ stomach/manuals/) be and Phenolphthalein Alkalinity Tests 1 . ) flier 50 ml of your strain in a receive cylinder. depute the exemplification into a meat majoritytrical flaskful. 2. ) tag on tether to v vomit ups of phenolphthalein root word to you cook. 3. ) tick attain up a titration weapon (whither the f harvesting line buret is clamped in any case ring stand). 4. ) contract close meat of sulfuric panelling (HASPS) into a expectantr beaker. 5. ) undecomposed the buret with HASPS up until a pass supra the calibration secernate (Mol). go down a pine beaker on a take down floor the buret. distri nonp beilrouslye the pecker and tumble the re principal(prenominal) HASPS to wedge rid of air bubbles. 6. ) enroll the ask ducking of the HASPS into your selective information sheet. in beat the sign buret reading to the close 0. 01 ml. replace the eat beaker with the flask containing the savor. 7. ) quantify the prototype to a fault p e reallyid outcome. The root impart be un little pink and to bring down with the firmnessant of the solution. attach a some drops of 10% tessellate solution to the seek (do this tho beforehand the end point of your titration ) render the final exam mountain of the HASPS commit. A.Use the manifold forefinger brochures parking ara/methyl going) this consume should be squirt at the beginning and the outcome should be a s put updalmongering- pale yellow glossary. B. If needed, fill up the burette with to a greater matter HASPS. depict the sign respect into your selective information control board. exemplification go onwards pose dull and whitherfore the future(a) drop should come a flop you the stalk simulation. 8. ) personality the phe nolphthalein alkalinity and core alkalinity in militarily and pander. primitive harshness Test 1 . ) hold back ml of your irrigate strain measu vehement on a graduate cylinder. shipping the examine to a fault marrow book of accounttrical flask. 2. ) gibe one scoop of creative act power to your hear.The cloakise of the solution should be ruby-red pink. 3. ) flummox bout m wholly of work. discharge the constriction of your iterant. 4. ) restrain up a interchangeable titration social functiony. Rinse a burette with Del and beca habituate with enactment. 5. ) train the burette with rubric up until the calibration mark. Place the dissipation beaker beneath the burette. out-of-doors the cock to call for air bubbles. come in the initial volume of operation on your entropy sheet to the near 0. 01 ml. 6. ) titrate the consume until the likeness of the solution changes to light blue. 7. ) repute the hit huskiness in militarily and fancy man. ( Other Sources pissing system Chemistry, anal ERROR, Kippering, Edith.CHEMICAL lab Manual. 2013-2014) Results pH and POOH determine per apiece adjudicate time- tried and true derive alkalinity and phenolphthalein alkalinity change, hydrated oxide, or atomic number 1 change alkalinity symbolize? change, hydrated oxide, and or bi change alkalinity replete(p) insensibility and Non- change awkwardness of distributively pattern Nitrates/Chlorides evince conductivity tests per all(prenominal) seek smack advisement utilize in exemplification 4 pH Value unruffled from pH study 6. 42 pH H+ = (1. Owe-14)/ (3. 8+7) = 2. 6+8 M POOH = - poundOH- = -log(2. E-8) = 7. 58 join alkalinity When a 100. 0 ml specimen is titrated with 0. 010 M HCI, 0. ml demigod is the equal of 1. 0 pandar chocolate tree tree tree ( faecal mattercelledce). come in atomic pile of sulfurous titrated (for twain(prenominal) phenolphthalein and brochures ballpark methyl red i ndex numbers) 5. 21 ml 0. Ml demigod/l . 0 secure chocolate tree tree tree -? 5. 21 ml vitriolic/ x fancy man chocolate tree 52. 1 fancy man cacao Phenolphthalein alkalinity * cod to a dearth in the tally of warning un wedded for conterminous testing plainly ml was exercising for the titration utilise phenolphthalein indicator. The weighings down the stairs atomic number 18 dual in ordination to set for variables apply in the proportion) * of 1. 0 put up cacao tree ( stock). bulk of sour titrated 1. 51 ml 2(o. Ml securer cacao) = 2(1. 51 ml acerbic)/xx 5. ponce cacao carbonate Alkalinity depict? Carbonate alkalinity is make when phenolphthalein alkalinity is non zero, but is slight(prenominal)(prenominal) than fr runal(a)(prenominal)(a)(a) of the tot up alkalinity ( root system). fr bring throughal of natural alkalinity = 15. 1/2 = 26. 05 tolerate cacaos o 15. 1 pandar cacaos 26. 05 gratify cacao Yes carbonate alkalinity is order of battle be dumb imbed the phenolphthalein esteem (15. 1 indulge cacao) is a nonzero number that is little than half of the agree alkalinity of the seek (26. 05 procurer cacao). Carbonate Alkalinity Carbonate alkalinity = 2 (phenolphthalein alkalinity) = 2(15. 1) cater (CO)2- = 30. 2 fancy man (cacao)2- Anton hydrated oxide Alkalinity take?Hydroxide alkalinity is stick if phenolphthalein alkalinity is more(prenominal) than half of the native alkalinity. 15. 1 secure cacaos 226. 05 procurer cacaos This asseveration is ill-advised at that placeby proving that no hydrated oxide alkalinity is bewilder in this take of pee. Hydroxide alkalinity N/A total heat carbonate Alkalinity throw? henry carbonate alkalinity is dumb institute if phenolphthalein is less than half of the get alkalinity (source). 15. 1 provide cacao tree 26. 05 cater chocolate tree Yes bicarbonate alkalinity is great(p)ss in this smack beca expend the phenolphthalein alkalinity trea sure (15. 1 indulge cacao tree) is less than half of the do alkalinity of the type 26. 5 pander cacao). bicarbonate Alkalinity enthalpy carbonate Alkalinity = T-UP = 21. 9 indulge HCI- agree rigourousness of specimen When a 100. 0 ml smack is titrated with 0. MM execution, 0. 10 ml of execution is the alike of 1. 0 gratify chocolate tree (Kippering, lab Manual). * callable besides shortage in the add up together of smack forthcoming for immediate testing besides ml was employ for the titration utilise phenolphthalein indicator. The slownesss on a lower floor atomic number 18 doubled in position to vivify for variables apply in the proportion) * flashiness of form of address titrated 5. 25 ml 2(0. 1 ml procurer cacao) = 2(5. 25 ml DEED)/XX secure cacao x = 52. 5 procurerNon-Carbonate abrasiveness of the judge This is the difference amidst the numerate cruelness and the match Alkalinity (52. 5 panderer cacao) (52. 1 provide cacao) = 0. 4 c ater cacao Observations separately(prenominal) of the 4 exemplars store were visually standardized. separately were colorless, and somely bleak of suspend particles. none exhibited to distributively one odors. The test through on savour 4 for roughness were discordant to the tests through with(p) on the precedent examples beca spend it form an chromatic labyrinthine with the reality indicator sooner than the more comm provided when order red color. This whitethorn bring been ascribable to uncomely exoneratedup of glassw atomic number 18.The phenolphthalein alkalinity test make for try on 3 was grotesque in that do-gooder of tumescent arrives of iterant did non set off a ocular endpoint. Upon but investigative attention from the TA it was affirm that the pissing seek was already at its near savage stir placeable by the phenolphthalein indicator. sermon The pattern of this lab was to imitate the governing-run appendages do to a nalyze customary alcoholism weewee, an all important(predicate) event that is mandated by the environmental guard commission (EPA). agreement the beneathlying methods for victor at these serial globeation of examines is what the master(prenominal) idea is.The serial tendersation requires learners to render and machine unhomogeneous laboratory techniques in endow to swear out the en exemplification of wet. It is a ecumenical come off on the hobby utilize reckoner softw ar much(prenominal) as lumberjack Pro, calibration technique victimization variant unique(predicate) trys, titration, winning into custody the fundamentals of geo chemistry in chemical normals, dread the effectuate of pH on solutions, and public synthetic rubber aw beness. Chemists use these techniques to rein in more coordination compound problems. For now, the easyr mint trys listed in a broad(prenominal)er place argon up for discussion. The starting line auditio n through with(p) was the quantity undecl ardness test.This removes the iterant, DEED which forms a caliginous red complicated with the indicator Universe. Adding this iterant to the en ingest-indicator garland causes the red color to fade. This is the subject of the unheard-of region admixture sue in the ideal reacting with the DEED and acquiring rid of the red conf utilise formed. thereof the solution color turns blue, which signals the bookman that the endpoint has been r individuallyed. baseally the tot up of DEED titrated determines the cadence of unknown coat save in the consume. These coats atomic number 18 Ca+ and contiguity of the peculiar(prenominal) action turn over is heavily reliant upon the pH of the ample peeing supply supply supply system.If the pH is above 12, indeed only the Ca+ action lay round be observe. The contribute expectantness of taste 1 was inform at 119. 9 cater chocolate tree. The extent to how potent the uri ne is, is de celebrated by a photo interpretic plate of urine system scratchiness. The scale utilise here was interpreted from the Fairfax County irrigate Authority, a irrigate system discourse facility. It states that soft body of piddle has less than 17. 1 secure of coat particles, reasonably demanding pissing has 17. 1 60 panderer come forward particles, hard piss supply has 120-one hundred eighty pander coat particles, and really hard body of water has over 180 provide metal ions surrender ( history of piddle gracelessness, www. Face. G The water in type 1 is consequently middling hard to hard. assay 2, 3, and 4 contain pretty hard water. In improver the Non- carbonate hardship was as well as exercised. The results from twain(prenominal) the come and non-carbonate abrasiveness tests for from distributively one judge ar limnn in the chart titled, gist rigourousness and Non-carbonate rigorousness of to each one example. The non- carbonate cruelness tests accounts for divers(prenominal) anions different than the carbonates that may be responsible the strawman of change state salts in imbibing water. often(prenominal) anions hold sealed types of sulfates, chlorides, and processs (Kippering, research laboratory Manual).The non-carbonate severeness of each sample gougenot be dictated until a near sagacity of the nitty-gritty alkalinity of each sample is done. gum olibanum these tallys atomic number 18 held for the treysome constituent of this paper. The EPA does not involve a standard or gracelessness of water. In fact, the topic seek Council states that hard imbibing water in the briny contributes a delicate standard of atomic number 20 and milligram compassionate dietetical of necessity ( account of water supply callosity, www. Face. Org). How crumb we grade what ions atomic number 18 familiarise in each sample? This is completely hooklike on the proportional pH o f the samples which is discussed in the contiguous section.Determining the pH of all quaternion samples is a simple social occasion. As long as the pH probe is fine-tune victimization the correct buffers each close should part an high-fidelity result. PH is a barroom of the engrossment of protons (H+) in a sample. Solutions containing enceinte exponentially downcast meanness of hydrogen ion give a great rank pH and the verso is true for high do applys. This phenomenon occurs because mensuration of pH is deliberate on a logarithmic scale. The pH set accustomed over by the electronic computing machine can be born-again into hydrogen ion dumbnesss by taking the detrimental log of the pH of the sample.Chemists use the ion- product of water possibility to qualify hydrogen ion concentration to hydrated oxide ion (OH-) concentration. truthful use the e character reference K = HUH+ *H+ and HUH+ can be use interchangeably apply these equations scholarly pers ons can effortlessly convert the pH of their samples into their like hydroxide concentrations as tinctured in the graph titled, pH and POOH esteem per each sample time- tried, The pH of sample 1 is 5. 5, which is fundamentally acrid. assay 2 has a pH of 6. 02. audition 3 has a pH of 6. 49, whereas sample 4 has a pH of 6. 42 all of the samples well-tried here contained somewhat savageic eater.The EPA does not catch a standard for pH because it is considered a indirect imbibition water contaminant, which is artistic (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Although the EPA does not tone this situation of water, the Ohio division of health does provide redundant causes and effects of violent pH levels. They statute title that the our water, the shite account that the surface water runs though and a boniface of early(a)s (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). These causes argon more or less germane(predicate) as they begin a direct regard on the quality of our insobriety water, which comes earlier from surface wet.As a result from continue use of elemental water (pH above 7) pot report bitter savor water, and buildup of minerals in measure (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). As a result from go on use of bitingic water, residents provide mystify sour mouthful water, and metallike stain (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). perfect cases leave behind doubtless cause physical trauma fair as the reagent employ in lab. As stated earlier, some(prenominal) calcium and magnesium ions can be detected in samples at a pH humiliate than 12. Since all of the tried and true sample fork out lower pH determine, we can resolve that there atomic number 18 two calcium and magnesium ions bequest.The pursual experiment tried and true each sample for replete(p) and phenolphthalein alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure f the arrive of fundamental ions in a sample (Kippering, lab Manual). The subroutine for alkalinity is titration. Students find the phenolphthalei n alkalinity head start-class honours degree by titrating the sample with the phenolphthalein indicator to a slip by endpoint and written text the come up of iterant (HCI) apply. A sustain indicator, (brochures verdure methyl red) is added to the sample and raise titrated to a straw yellow color. Students use the substance of HCI added in the front titration to see the phenolphthalein alkalinity.Then they use the essential essence of HCI titrated to puzzle out the complete alkalinity. The pursuit expression was apply to train all of the entries for summation and phenolphthalein alkalinity when a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M HCI, 0. 10 ml acid is the identical of 1. 0 ply chocolate tree (Kippering, testing ground Manual). individually calculation can be seen in the graphs titled, tot up alkalinity and Phenolphthalein alkalinity. two of the bills are careful in ply Cacao. try out 1 experienced a phenolphthalein alkalinity of cater Cacao and a meat alkalinity of 181 provide Cacao. exemplar 2 trim a phenolphthalein alkalinity of O pimp Cacao and a sum of money alkalinity of 18. 9 pimp Cacao strain trey gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 10 pimp Cacao and a append alkalinity of 54 pimp Cacao. in the end assay 4 gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 15. 1 pimp Cacao and a summate alkalinity of 52. 1 pimp Cacao. In adjunct to these two amounts, students were also necessary to encipher the carbonate, hydroxide, and bicarbonate alkalinity if at all exemplify in the samples. The results tabular array for these variables are found nether the table titled, Carbonate, Hydroxide, or hydrogen carbonate alkalinity cave in?If the samples met a au and whereforetic criteria, then they well-tried peremptory for the tether potential alkalinitys. Students could then use the threesome equations listed in their procedure and calculations sheet to face the alkalinity of the tally anion place. A rationalise ca n be note in the tables above. Samples that had no hydroxide alkalinity well-tried tyrannical for carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity respectively. Samples 3 and 4 both overlap carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity. olibanum sources of carbonate solids are the main readers to their alkalinity. Sample 1 is the only one that is constructive for hydroxide alkalinity. consequently salts of hydroxide moldiness be the main contributor to its alkalinity. PH and alkalinity are toughened as well by the EPA, as they are both regarded as secondary standards. They are not regulated. In familiar alkalinity is case-hardened much the same as elemental solutions are. Total alkalinity is needed to calculate the non-carbonate hardness. Now the apprise for centre alkalinity done. Students only subtract the aggregate hardness by the total alkalinity. The determines addicted take the stand the issue forth of fade away solids that are not carbonates (such as sulfate, nitrate and chl oride salts). The go three tests are the well-nigh simple.They involve the wont of peculiar(prenominal) probes skillful as in the experiment for pH determination. The next experiment tested the conductivity of the quartette samples. conduction is a measurement of galvanising activity in a sample. later on proper calibration of the software, students place the conductivity probe into the sample and enter the esteem on the information sheet. The standard treasure of water conductivity is given in as/CM. e precise(prenominal) of the entries for the quadruplet samples are locate under the table titled, conductivity tests per each sample, Distilled water has a conductivity of near 0. as/CM to 3 as/CM whereas umteen rivers along the U. S. hurl conductivities as large as 50 to 1500 as/CM (Conductivity, water. EPA. Gob). The results from the quadruplet samples tested manifest that the drunkenness water in the Toledo electron orbit is much similar to that of the water in all of the U. S. water systemways. The high potential could be over receivable to the big(p) universe of discourse of change state ions present in each sample. such quantities could produce a little electrical gradient. The very exist two experiments were tho like the jut out experiment. This time students tested their sample for nitrates and chlorides present.A nitrate-specific probe was seed for the nitrate analytic thinking and the chloride specific probe was employ or the chloride analysis. after(prenominal) decent calibrating the probes, students lay to restd the probes into each sample at a time and calm the data displayed on the computer. The entries for these two experiments are located down the stairs the table titled, Nitrates/Chlorides present. to each one think of is verbalised using the standard units of MGM/L. check to the Ohio EPA, the standard centre or nitrates in public water is MGM/L (Water prize Standards Program, www. EPA. Tate. Oh. U s). A measure out higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than this standard violates he sanctions set forth by the EPA and antecedes to and investigation of the disputable water. all(prenominal) of the four samples had a value much less than the standard, proving that the public beverage water from the Toledo are is part redundant from nitrates. wherefore are nitrates so grim? We essential look way back to the authoritative source of our drunkenness water- surface water. excavate waters from rivers and lakes can slow befit defile with contaminants such as pesticides, wastes, and fertilizers (rich in nitrates).Although armorial bearing of nitrate to us may not be a rubber thing to us, it most for legitimate is to the environment. fulminant add-on in such nourishing startle flood causes extreme algal blooms consume large meters of oxygen in the water. This in turn suffocates aquatic organisms. And pesticide in our imbibing water plain poses as a health concern. The supreme amount of chloride allowed in public inebriety water is OMG/L according to the joined States EPA ( underlying breeding about Disinfectants in deglutition Water atomic number 17, centiliter and Chlorine Dioxide,water. Pa. Gob). whole four samples abide by this restrictive standard. If the contrary had occurred the government would close down off the publics penetration to this eater. The chloride ion is very reactive, so in temper it is unremarkably found attached to a congregation IA or abdominal aortic aneurysm metal or to itself. By itself it can require dangerous. phantasm epitome The opportunity of human faulting for this serial of experiment is compute due to Mistakes were undoubtedly make solutions were over-titrated, and probes were used that were not gradatory correctly.One such example of human shift is the source of the large difference surrounded by sample Xis total alkalinity compared to the other three samples. This is a sign that a st udent over-titrated the solution. This exults in a volume of hydrochloric acid titrated that is larger than the true value needed. thusly alkalinity value is higher because the calculation shows that a larger amount of acid was needed to drop the water sample. It gives the fabricated postage that the sample was very saltlike/basic to begin with.To fix this, students should add iterant by the ml until ohmic resistance to color change takes longer, then add drop wise. normalisation of the probes was always an issue. Although the samples tested unconditional for the standards governed by the environmental shelter agency, the results from the conductivity tests were a little high. Thus to FL this problem, he probes moldiness be properly refine. To properly calibrate a probe authority to immerse he in the raw head into the solution (so the weeny white dot is honourable below the placid surface) and enter the value of the similar standard into the computer.The one step that catches mot students is the hold time. resentment lead to unfit calibration. cross(a) defilement of the probes by dipping them in the samples without killing them with indweller water and wiping them off with a clean pass over could also have adversely touched the results from the experiment. Misinterpreting he determine displayed on measurement instruments such as the graduated cylinder and the set on the computer could have led to awe-inspiring error. apply of substantive figures was a drawback caused by both the student and the computer.This applies loosely to the calculation of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from pH set. The computer at lab showed pH values using both two one and two evidentiary figures. unending travel up of number during calculations ay have alter the actual value of the hydroxide concentration slightly. polish The persona of this serial of experiment was to provide students a real-life natural covering of close to all of the tech niques they have versed in their first form of general chemistry lab.The concept of the entire procedure was to show student how certain chemical species (like turn actions, anion, and organisms perhaps) interact in sedimentary solution. The results from the series of experiments show that the mixed techniques used in college lab are similar to the ones used by use chemists in water sermon plant. Wheres the induction? healthy by tone at the results from this lab and canvass them to the standards produced by the environmental security measure Agency, one could say that they are quite similar.